Protecting against uninitialized variables

From:
"Tim Conkling" <tconkling@gmail.com>
Newsgroups:
comp.lang.c++.moderated
Date:
Sun, 18 Mar 2007 23:05:06 CST
Message-ID:
<1174275327.899744.20370@b75g2000hsg.googlegroups.com>
The compiler I use (Visual C++ 2003) warns when I am reading from a
potentially uninitialized variable, unless that variable is a class
member. For example, I will be warned for doing the following:

void foo()
{
   int x;
   printf("%d", x); // warning!
}

But this doesn't produce any warning:

struct Foo { int x; };

void foo()
{
   Foo myFoo;
   printf("%d", myFoo.x); // undefined output
}

(I'm not sure if there are compilers out there that warn about this
problem; mine definitely does not.)

This has caused headaches in projects I've worked on, especially since
this sort of error isn't caught in Debug builds, making it hard to
notice & track down. To protect against this sort of error, I've
created a templated class called "safe_type," and I'm looking for
comments on its design -- possible issues, whether it's useful, etc.
It's designed to be used with built-in types (bool, int, float, etc)
and raw pointers. To reduce the size of this post, I've omitted the -
=, *=, /=, etc operators, since they're not particularly interesting.
Here's an example of how I intend safe_type to be used:

/* myBool will be initialized to false, myInt will be initialized to
0, and myBar will be initialized to NULL */
/* safe_bool and safe_int are typedefs for safe_type<bool> and
safe_type<int> */
struct Foo
{
   safe_bool myBool;
   safe_int myInt;
   safe_type<Bar*> myBar;
};

And here's the class itself:

template <class T>
struct safe_type_traits;

template<>
struct safe_type_traits<bool>
{
    static bool DefaultValue() { return false; }
};

template<>
struct safe_type_traits<int>
{
    static int DefaultValue() { return 0; }
};

template<>
struct safe_type_traits<float>
{
    static float DefaultValue() { return 0.0f; }
};

template <class T>
struct safe_type_traits<T*>
{
    static T* DefaultValue() { return NULL; }
};

template <class T>
struct safe_type
{
private:
    T m_val;

public:
    safe_type() : m_val(safe_type_traits<T>::DefaultValue()) {}
    safe_type(T val) : m_val(val) {}

    safe_type& operator=(safe_type rhs) { m_val = rhs.m_val; return
*this; }
    safe_type& operator=(T rhs) { m_val = rhs; return *this; }

    // conversion operator
    operator T() const { return m_val; }

    // operator ->
    T operator->() const { return m_val; }

    // operator ==
    template <class U> bool operator==(U rhs) { return (m_val == rhs); }

    // operator !=
    template <class U> bool operator!=(U rhs) { return (m_val != rhs); }

    // operator +=
    template <class U> safe_type& operator+=(U rhs)
    {
        m_val += rhs;
        return *this;
    }

    // prefix ++
    safe_type& operator++()
    {
        ++m_val;
        return *this;
    }

    // postfix ++
    safe_type operator++(int)
    {
        safe_type old(*this);
        ++m_val;
        return old;
    }

    // prefix --
    safe_type& operator--()
    {
        --m_val;
        return *this;
    }

    // postfix --
    safe_type operator--(int)
    {
        safe_type old(*this);
        --m_val;
        return old;
    }
};

typedef safe_type<bool> safe_bool;
typedef safe_type<float> safe_float;
typedef safe_type<int> safe_int;

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