Re: CPP Output Question - related to copy-constructor and return
by value
sanjay wrote:
I have a doubt in understanding the output of the following program
that i executed on my system. I was using DevC++ IDE which uses minGW
based compiler.
----------------------------------------------
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Integer //: public DataType
{
private:
int x;
public:
Integer(int xx = 0);
Integer(const Integer&);
~Integer();
Integer operator+(const int i);
void operator=(const Integer& i);
As a side note, operator= *usually* returns a reference to the same
object. It's not required, of course.
};
Integer::Integer(int xx) : x(xx)
{
cout<<"Integer(int) x is "<<x<<endl;
}
Integer::Integer(const Integer& i) : x(i.x)
{
cout<<"Integer(Integer&)"<<endl;
You misrepresent the signature of your copy c-tor. The argument is a
reference to a const integer, so I'd expect the output statement to be
cout << "Integer(Integer const&)" << endl;
<g>
}
Integer::~Integer()
{
cout<<"~Integer()"<<endl;
}
Integer Integer::operator+(const int i)
{
cout<<"operator+ called i is "<<i<<endl;
Integer xx(x+i);
return xx;
}
void Integer::operator=(const Integer& i)
{
cout<<"operator= called i.x is "<<i.x<<endl;
x = i.x;
}
int main()
{
Integer i1(40);
Integer i3=i1+10; //Doubt understanding this
return 0;
}
-----------------------------------
Output:
Integer(int) x is 40
operator+ called i is 10
Integer(int) x is 50
~Integer()
~Integer()
-------------------------------------
I have a doubt in understanding the execution of operator+.
Inside operator+, xx is created and is returned by value. While
returning the copy-constructor of Integer should get invoked because
the output of operator+ is being assigned to i3 which is not yet
constructed, but the actual output observed is different.
The compiler is *allowed* to skip creation of a temporary and construct
the result of the right-hand side expression *directly* into the object
being constructed. Essentially, since the compiler sees the code for
all your functions, it can pass the reference to the constructed object
(in your case named 'i3') to the operator+ and inside the function
construct the actual 'i3' instead of 'xx'. No temporaries, no copies.
Is this any kind of optimization being performed by the compiler. Is
there anything that i am missing.
Yes, it is, and yes, you probably are.
I would appreciate if someone can explain this.
I hope I have.
V
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