Re: counting instances of a string.

From:

Roedy Green <see_website@mindprod.com.invalid>

Newsgroups:

comp.lang.java.help

Date:

Tue, 08 Jul 2008 05:50:33 GMT

Message-ID:

<gqv574500o2unqc86kanuqjfloegfv3efu@4ax.com>

On Mon, 07 Jul 2008 22:09:34 -0700, Patricia Shanahan <pats@acm.org>
wrote, quoted or indirectly quoted someone who said :

Matcher m = Pattern.compile(Pattern.quote(lookFor)).matcher(page);

I thought this might be a good time to get an idea of how much of a
speed penalty you pay for using a Regex. It is less than I thought.

It costs you roughly 3 times the CPU cycles to use a Regex. It would
be worse for a smaller search.

regex finds 72 time: 12400400
indexOf finds 72 time: 4004280
ratio: 3.0967864385107933

import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import com.mindprod.common11.StringTools;

public class RegVIndex
 {

 /** regex version
 * Count how many times a String occurs on a page.
 *
 * @param page big String to look in.
 * @param lookFor small String to look for and count instances.
 * @return number of times the String appears non-overlapping.
 */
 private static int countInstances(String page, String lookFor)
 {
 int count = 0;

 Matcher m =
Pattern.compile(Pattern.quote(lookFor)).matcher(page);
 while ( m.find() )
 ++count;
 return count;
 }

 /**
 * test harness, benchmark two ways of computing.
 *
 * @param args not used
 */
 public static void main ( String[] args )
 {
 final long t1 = System.nanoTime();
 final int c1 = countInstances( PAGE, "the" );
 final long t2 = System.nanoTime();
 final int c2 = StringTools.countInstances( PAGE, "the" );
 final long t3 = System.nanoTime();
 System.out.println( "regex finds " + c1 + " time: " + (t2-t1) );
 System.out.println( "indexOf finds " + c2 + " time: " + (t3-t2)
);
 System.out.println( " ratio: " + (double)(t2-t1)/(double)(t3-t2)
);
 }

 final static String PAGE =
 "<!doctype
html public \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\"
\"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd\">\n"
 + "<html>\n"
 + "<head>\n"
 + "<title>String : Java Glossary</title>\n"
 + "<meta http-equiv=\"lang\" content=\"en\">\n"
 + "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Style-Type\" content=\"text/css\">\n"
 + "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html;
charset=iso-8859-1\">\n"
 + "<meta name=\"Author\" content=\"Roedy Green (250) 361-9093 of
Canadian Mind Products. For email see contact page.\">\n"
 + "<meta name=\"Copyright\" content=\"Canadian Mind Products
1996-2008\">\n"
 + "<meta name=\"Description\" content=\"Canadian Mind Products Java
& Internet Glossary : String\">\n"
 + "<meta name=\"Generator\" content=\"CMP Static HTML Macros\">\n"
 + "<meta name=\"Keywords\" content=\"Java, terminology, glossary,
Roedy Green, primer, overview, introduction, precis, definition,
String\">\n"
 + "<link href=\"../mindprod.css\" type=\"text/css\"
rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\">\n"
 + "<link href=\"../jdisplay.css\" type=\"text/css\"
rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\">\n"
 + "<link rel=\"meta\" href=\"../labels.rdf\"
type=\"application/rdf+xml\" title=\"ICRA labels\">\n"
 + "<link rel=\"home\" href=\"../index.html\">\n"
 + "<link rel=\"icon\" href=\"../image/icon16/jgloss.png\">\n"
 + "<link rel=\"prev\" href=\"s.html\">\n"
 + "</head>\n"
 + "<body>\n"
 + "<a name=\"TOP\"></a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n"
 + "\n"
 + "</script>\n"
 + "<script type=\"text/javascript\"\n"
 +
"src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\">\n"
 + "</script>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<div class=\"titlejgloss\">\n"
 + "<a name=\"TITLE\"></a>String : Java Glossary\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"../index.html#TITLE\"
target=\"_top\"><img src=\"../image/stylesheet/home.png\" width=\"26\"
height=\"26\" alt=\"home\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"s.html\" target=\"_top\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/back.png\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"
alt=\"S words\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"jagg.html\" target=\"_top\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/localfind.png\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"
alt=\"local find\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"string.html\" target=\"_top\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/fullscreen.png\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\"
alt=\"no local find frame, full screen\" align=\"middle\"
border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\"
href=\"http://www.google.com/search?q=String+Java\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/search.png\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\"
alt=\"Google search web for topic\" align=\"middle\"
border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"#BOTTOM\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/tobottom.png\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"
alt=\"jump to footer\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\"
href=\"http://www.altavista.com/babelfish/tr?url=http://mindprod.com/jgloss/string.html\">\n"
 + "<img src=\"../image/stylesheet/babelfish.png\" width=\"32\"
height=\"32\" alt=\"translate with Babelfish\" align=\"middle\"
border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "by Roedy Green ©1996-2008
Canadian Mind Products\n"
 + " \n"
 + "Go to : <a href=\"punct.html\">punctuation</a> <a
href=\"0-9.html\">0-9</a> <a href=\"a.html\">A</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"b.html\">B</a> <a href=\"c.html\">C</a> <a
href=\"d.html\">D</a> <a href=\"e.html\">E</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"f.html\">F</a> <a href=\"g.html\">G</a> <a
href=\"h.html\">H</a> <a href=\"i.html\">I</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"j.html\">J</a> <a href=\"k.html\">K</a> <a
href=\"l.html\">L</a> <a href=\"m.html\">M</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"n.html\">N</a> <a href=\"o.html\">O</a> <a
href=\"p.html\">P</a> <a href=\"q.html\">Q</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"r.html\">R</a> <a href=\"s.html\">S</a> <a
href=\"t.html\">T</a> <a href=\"u.html\">U</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"v.html\">V</a> <a href=\"w.html\">W</a> <a
href=\"x.html\">X</a> <a href=\"y.html\">Y</a>\n"
 + "<a href=\"z.html\">Z</a> (<a
href=\"masterindex.html\">all</a>)\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<ul class=\"breadcrumb\">\n"
 + "<li class=\"firstbreadcrumb\">\n"
 + "You are here :\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"../index.html#TITLE\"
target=\"_top\">home</a>\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"jgloss.html\" target=\"_top\">Java
Glossary</a>\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"s.html\" target=\"_top\">S
words</a>\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "String\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li class=\"lastbreadcrumb\">\n"
 + " \n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<dl>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<dt><a name=\"STRING\"></a>String</dt>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<dd>Strings are quite different from C++. They are immutable\n"
 + ", i.e. You can’t change the characters in a string. To
look at individual\n"
 + "characters, you need to use charAt() . Strings in\n"
 + "Java are 16-bit Unicode. To edit strings, you need to use a
StringBuffer\n"
 + "object or a char[]. In JDK 1.5+
you use StringBuilder,\n"
 + "which works exactly like StringBuffer, but it is\n"
 + "faster and not thread-safe.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "You get the size of a String
(length in chars) with String.\n"
 + "length(), not .length or .\n"
 + "size() used in other classes.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "For manipulating 8-bit characters, you want an array of bytes
— byte[].\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<table class=\"gridmenu\" summary=\"menu\">\n"
 + "<colgroup>\n"
 + "<col span=\"2\" width=\"50%\">\n"
 + "</colgroup>\n"
 + "<tbody>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#EMPTY\">Empty Strings</a></td>\n"
 + "<td><a class=\"redirect\"
href=\"trimming.html\">Trimming</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#COMPARISON\">Comparison</a></td>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#VALIDATING\">Validating</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#CASESENSITIVITY\">Case-Sensitivity</a></td>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#REGEX\">Regex</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#CREATING\">Creating Strings</a></td>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#GOTCHAS\">Gotchas</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a class=\"redirect\"
href=\"literal.html#STRING\">Literals</a></td>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#LEARNINGMORE\">Learning More</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#TOSTRING\">toString</a></td>\n"
 + "<td><a class=\"tosee\" href=\"#SEE\">Links</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a href=\"#REPLACE\">Replace</a></td>\n"
 + "<td></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "</tbody>\n"
 + "</table>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"EMPTY\"></a>Empty Strings</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "There are three types of empty string, null, "" and
" ".\n"
 + "Here is how to check for each flavour:\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<pre class=\"java\">if ( \n"
 + "s == null \n"
 + ") echo ( "\n"
 + "was null" );\n"
 + "else if ( \n"
 + "s.length\n"
 + "() == \n"
 + "0 ) echo \n"
 + "( "was empty"
\n"
 + ");\n"
 + "else if ( \n"
 + "s.trim\n"
 + "().\n"
 + "length () \n"
 + "== 0 ) \n"
 + "echo ( "was blank\n"
 + "or other whitespace" );</pre>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2 class=\"gotcha\"><a name=\"COMPARISON\"></a>String
Comparison</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "The following form:\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<pre class=\"java\">if ( "\n"
 + "abc".equals \n"
 + "(s) \n"
 + ") echo ( "\n"
 + "matched" );</pre>\n"
 + "is preferable to:\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<pre class=\"java\">if ( \n"
 + "s.equals \n"
 + "( "abc" )\n"
 + ") echo
\n"
 + "( "matched" );</pre>\n"
 + "because the first form won’t raise an exception if s\n"
 + "is null. It will treat the strings as not equal.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "Unless Strings have been interned, with String.intern(),\n"
 + "you cannot compare them for equality with ==. You\n"
 + "have to use equals() instead.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "The compiler will not warn you if you inadvertently use ==.\n"
 + "Unfortunately, the bug may take a long time to surface if your
compiler or\n"
 + "virtual machine is doing transparent interning. Interning gets
you a reference\n"
 + "to the master copy of a String.
This allows the\n"
 + "duplicates to be garbage collected sooner. However, there are
three\n"
 + "disadvantages to interning:\n"
 + "<ol>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "It takes extra time to look up the master string in a Hashtable.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "In some implementations, you can have a maximum of 64K interned
Strings.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "In some implementation, interned Strings are never\n"
 + "garbage collected, even when they are no longer used. The
interning process\n"
 + "itself acts as a packratter. The answer is to implement them
with weak\n"
 + "references.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ol>\n"
 + "If you want to compare for < or > you cannot use the usual
comparison\n"
 + "operators, you have to use compareTo() or compareToIgnoreCase()\n"
 + "instead.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<pre class=\"java\">String s \n"
 + "= "apple";\n"
 + "String t
\n"
 + "= "orange";\n"
 + "if ( \n"
 + "s.compareTo\n"
 + "(t) <\n"
 + "0 )\n"
 + "{\n"
 + "System.\n"
 + "out.println\n"
 + "( "s < t"
);\n"
 + "}</pre>\n"
 + "compareTo will return:\n"
 + "<ul>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "some positive number if string s lexically comes after t.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "0 if s is the same as t.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "some negative number if s sorts earlier than t.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "You can think of it roughly like treating the Strings as numbers
and returning s-t.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "Novices might be astonished by the following results:\n"
 + "<ul>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + ""abc".compareTo(\n"
 + ""ABC" ) returns\n"
 + ""abc" > "ABC".\n"
 + "compareTo is case sensitive.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + ""abc ".compareTo\n"
 + "( "abc" (\n"
 + "returns "abc " >
"abc".\n"
 + "Blanks are treated like any other character.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + """.compareTo(\n"
 + "null ) raises a java.lang.NullPointerException.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + """ is not the same thing
as null. Most\n"
 + "String functions will be happy to handle "",\n"
 + "but very few will accept null.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "The comparison is done by straightforward Unicode numeric
character by character\n"
 + "comparison. There is no adjustment for locale collating
sequence.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "When you write your own classes, the default Object.equals\n"
 + "does not do a field by field comparison. You have to
write your own\n"
 + "version of equals to get that
effect. The default\n"
 + "version simply tests the equality of the two references —
that they both\n"
 + "point to the same object.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"CASESENSITIVITY\"></a>Case-Sensitive and
Case-Insensitive Comparison</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<div class=\"jdisplay\">\n"
 + "<iframe
src=\"snippet/iframe/string.comparecasesensitivity.javafrag.html\"
width=\"800\" height=\"580\" scrolling=\"yes\" frameborder=\"0\"
marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"></iframe>\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"CREATING\"></a>Creating Strings</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "Strings are immutable. Therefore they can be reused
indefinitely, and they can\n"
 + "be shared for many purposes. When you assign one String variable
to another, no\n"
 + "copy is made. Even when you take a substring there is no new
String created,\n"
 + "though a new String descriptor is. New Strings are created
when:\n"
 + "<ul>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "you concatenate.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "you read Strings from files.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "you <a href=\"newbie.html#STRINGREDUNDANCY\">foolishly</a> use
new\n"
 + "String(String);. There is one situation where its use is
legit. See <a href=\"substring.html\">substring</a>\n"
 + "for the explanation.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "you use new
String(\n"
 + "somethingElse ) ; for <a
href=\"conversion.html\">conversion</a>.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "You use StringBuffer/StringBuilder
toString/substring.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"TOSTRING\"></a>toString</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "Every Object has a method called
toString\n"
 + "that makes some sort of attempt to convert the contents of the
Object\n"
 + "into human-readable form as a Unicode String for\n"
 + "display. Normally, when you write a new class, you write you own
corresponding toString\n"
 + "method for it, even if just for debugging.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "You use it like this: String toShow\n"
 + "= myThing.toString();\n"
 + "\n"
 + "The default Object.toString\n"
 + "method is not very clever. It does not display all the
primitives in your\n"
 + "class with field names as you might expect. If you want that,
you must code it\n"
 + "yourself. A default toString will
typically,\n"
 + "instead, do something lame like dump the hashCode\n"
 + "or the Object’s address
— only mildly\n"
 + "interesting.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "toString has a magical property.
It appears to get\n"
 + "invoked automatically to convert to String without\n"
 + "you having to mention toString.\n"
 + "<ol>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "In one case, System.out.println\n"
 + "(and brothers), it is not really magic. println\n"
 + "pulls it off with a plethora of <a
href=\"overload.html\">overloaded</a> methods. println\n"
 + "has many overloaded methods, one for each of the <a
href=\"primitive.html\">primitive</a>\n"
 + "types, and then each overloaded method converts its primitive
parameter to a String\n"
 + "for you, and passes that on to the variant of println\n"
 + "that can only handle Strings. But,
you say, (glad to\n"
 + "see you are so attentive), primitives don’t have a toString\n"
 + "method! That is true, but there are static <a
href=\"conversion.html\">conversion</a>\n"
 + "methods to get that effect, such as String.valueOf(\n"
 + "double ). For any Object\n"
 + "other than a String, println\n"
 + "invokes the Object’s usually-overridden custom toString\n"
 + "method and passes the result on to the String-eating\n"
 + "version of println.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "When you use concatenation, toString truly does get\n"
 + "called for you magically, sometimes. If ever you try to add two
Objects,\n"
 + "Java presumes you are really trying to concatenate them and
transparently calls\n"
 + "each of their toString methods
and concatenates the\n"
 + "results giving a String. It even
works when you try\n"
 + "to add a String and a primitive.
Concatenation will\n"
 + "convert the primitive to a String
for you and\n"
 + "concatenate the results, transparently. This can lead to <a
href=\"gotchas.html#CONCATENATION\">surprising\n"
 + "results</a>.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ol>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"REPLACE\"></a>Replace</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "String.replace( char\n"
 + "target, char replacement\n"
 + ") is considerably faster than String.replace(\n"
 + "String target, String\n"
 + "replacement ). Both replace
all occurrences. So\n"
 + "if you are replacing just a char,
use single quotes.\n"
 + "Unforunately, String.replace(\n"
 + "String target, String\n"
 + "replacement ) is only available in
JDK 1.5+.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "replaceAll( String regex,\n"
 + "String replacement ) also\n"
 + "replaces all instances. The difference is, replaceAll\n"
 + "looks for a regex String not a
simple String.\n"
 + "Beware of using replaceAll( String\n"
 + "regex, String replacement)\n"
 + "when you meant replace( String\n"
 + "target, String replacement\n"
 + "). The second parameter is not just a simple String. String.\n"
 + "replaceAll behaves like Matcher.\n"
 + "replaceAll. $ is a\n"
 + "reference to a captured String in the search pattern and \\\n"
 + "is the regex quote character, meaning literal \\\n"
 + "must be coded as \\\\\\\\ and
literal $\n"
 + "as \\\\$.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "replaceFirst( String regex,\n"
 + "String replacement ) also\n"
 + "takes a regex. There is no replaceFirst that takes\n"
 + "only a simple String.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "String.replace in the\n"
 + "Javadoc is shown with CharSequence parameters.\n"
 + "Don’t let this frighten you. String implements CharSequence,\n"
 + "so replace works fine on Strings.\n"
 + "replace works on some other
things as well such as StringBuilders.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"VALIDATING\"></a>Validating</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "You can use com.mindprod.common11.StringTools.\n"
 + "isLegal to ensure a String\n"
 + "contains only the characters you consider legal. You can <a
href=\"../products1.html#COMMON11\">download</a>\n"
 + "it. It is pretty simple, using indexOf on the legal String.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "You can also use charAt to
extract the characters\n"
 + "one by one, then categorise them with the Character\n"
 + "methods such as isDigit.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"REGEX\"></a>Regex</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "String borrows some convenience <a
href=\"regex.html\">regex</a>\n"
 + "methods, such as split, matches,\n"
 + "replaceAll and replaceFirst.\n"
 + "Normally you would use the more efficient java.util.regex\n"
 + "methods where you precompile your Pattern and reuse\n"
 + "it. The String versions are for
one-shot use where\n"
 + "efficiency is not a concern.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "Not only replaceAll but replace\n"
 + "is implemented in an inefficient way, compiling a regex pattern
every time it is\n"
 + "invoked:\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<div class=\"jdisplay\">\n"
 + "<iframe
src=\"snippet/iframe/replace.implementation.javafrag.html\"
width=\"800\" height=\"156\" scrolling=\"yes\" frameborder=\"0\"
marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\"></iframe>\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "So, if you are going to use replace or replaceAll\n"
 + "more than once, you should use a separate regex compile done
only once.\n"
 + "\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2 class=\"gotcha\"><a name=\"GOTCHAS\"></a>Gotchas</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<ul class=\"gotcha\">\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "String.replaceAll( a, b\n"
 + ") is not the method to use to replace all instances of b
in a. Instead\n"
 + "you use String. replace\n"
 + "( a, b ). replaceAll is a
convenience <a href=\"regex.html\">regex</a>\n"
 + "method.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "String.replace ( a, b )\n"
 + "does not modify a. It creates a new modified String.\n"
 + "This is true of all String
methods. Strings\n"
 + "are immutable. No method can modify the original String.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<h2><a name=\"LEARNINGMORE\"></a>Learning More</h2>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<div class=\"sun\">\n"
 + "Sun’s Javadoc on the String class :\n"
 + "available:\n"
 + "<ul>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a class=\"offsite\"
href=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html\">on\n"
 + "the web at java.Sun.com</a>\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a
href=\"file://localhost/J:/Program%20Files/java/jdk1.6.0_06/docs/api/java/lang/String.html\">in\n"
 + "the JDK 1.6.0_06</a> or in <a
href=\"file://localhost/J:/Program%20Files/java/jdk1.5.0_15/docs/api/java/lang/String.html\">JDK\n"
 + "1.5.0_15</a> on your local <a class=\"plain\"
href=\"jdrive.html\">J:\n"
 + "drive</a>.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<div class=\"sun\">\n"
 + "Sun’s Javadoc on the StringBuffer class :\n"
 + "available:\n"
 + "<ul>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a class=\"offsite\"
href=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html\">on\n"
 + "the web at java.Sun.com</a>\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a
href=\"file://localhost/J:/Program%20Files/java/jdk1.6.0_06/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html\">in\n"
 + "the JDK 1.6.0_06</a> or in <a
href=\"file://localhost/J:/Program%20Files/java/jdk1.5.0_15/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html\">JDK\n"
 + "1.5.0_15</a> on your local <a class=\"plain\"
href=\"jdrive.html\">J:\n"
 + "drive</a>.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "\n"
 + "<div class=\"sun\">\n"
 + "Sun’s Javadoc on the StringBuilder class :\n"
 + "available:\n"
 + "<ul>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a class=\"offsite\"
href=\"http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuilder.html\">on\n"
 + "the web at java.Sun.com</a>\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "<li>\n"
 + "<a
href=\"file://localhost/J:/Program%20Files/java/jdk1.6.0_06/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuilder.html\">in\n"
 + "the JDK 1.6.0_06</a> or in <a
href=\"file://localhost/J:/Program%20Files/java/jdk1.5.0_15/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuilder.html\">JDK\n"
 + "1.5.0_15</a> on your local <a class=\"plain\"
href=\"jdrive.html\">J:\n"
 + "drive</a>.\n"
 + "</li>\n"
 + "</ul>\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "<a name=\"SEE\"></a>\n"
 + "<div class=\"see\">\n"
 + "<a href=\"casesensitive.html\">case sensitive</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"charsequence.html\">CharSequence</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"indexof.html\">indexOf</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"interned.html\">interned Strings</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"overload.html\">overload</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"regex.html\">regex</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"literal.html#STRING\">String literals</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"newbie.html#STRINGREDUNDANCY\">String
redundancy</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"stringbuffer.html\">StringBuffer</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"stringbuilder.html\">StringBuilder</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"stringwidth.html\">stringWidth</a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a href=\"substring.html\">substring</a>\n"
 + "</div>\n"
 + "</dd>\n"
 + "</dl>\n"
 + "<a
name=\"BOTTOM\"></a>\n"
 + "<hr class=\"foot\">\n"
 + "<table class=\"borderless\" summary=\"standard footer\">\n"
 + "<tbody>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td align=\"center\" valign=\"middle\" rowspan=\"7\"><a
class=\"plain\" href=\"../index.html#TITLE\" target=\"_top\">\n"
 + "<img src=\"../image/stylesheet/home.png\" width=\"26\"
height=\"26\" align=\"middle\" alt=\"CMP_home\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"#TOP\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/totop.png\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\"
alt=\"jump to top\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"../index.html#TITLE\"
target=\"_top\"><img src=\"../image/cmpmartybutton.png\" width=\"133\"
height=\"168\" alt=\"CMP logo\" border=\"0\"></a></td>\n"
 + "<td colspan=\"3\"><img
src=\"../image/stylesheet/feedback.png\" width=\"22\" height=\"18\"
alt=\"feedback\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\">Please\n"
 + "email your <a class=\"plain\"
href=\"../feedback/feedback.html\">feedback for\n"
 + "publication</a>, errors, omissions, broken/redirected link
reports\n"
 + " \n"
 + "and suggestions to improve this page to <a class=\"plain\"
href=\"../contact/contact.html\">Roedy\n"
 + "Green</a> : <img src=\"../image/mailto/feedback.png\"
width=\"209\" height=\"22\" alt=\"feedback email\" class=\"mailto\"
border=\"0\"></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td>Canadian Mind\n"
 + "Products</td>\n"
 + "<td valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"2\"><a class=\"plain\"
href=\"css.html\"><img src=\"../image/seal/madewithcss.png\"
width=\"87\" height=\"29\" alt=\"made with CSS\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"htmlvalidator.html\"><img
src=\"../image/seal/htmlvalidated.png\" width=\"88\" height=\"31\"
alt=\"HTML Checked!\" border=\"0\"></a>\n"
 + " \n"
 + "<a class=\"plain\" href=\"icra.html\"><img
src=\"../image/seal/icra.png\" width=\"88\" height=\"31\" alt=\"ICRA
ratings logo\" border=\"0\"></a></td>\n"
 + "<td valign=\"top\" rowspan=\"2\">\n"
 + "<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n"
 + "\n"
 + "</script>\n"
 + "<script type=\"text/javascript\"\n"
 +
"src=\"http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js\">\n"
 + "</script>\n"
 + "</td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td>mindprod.com IP:[65.110.21.43]</td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td>Your face IP:[]</td>\n"
 + "<td colspan=\"2\">The information on this page is for
non-military use only.</td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td>You are visitor number
.</td>\n"
 + "<td colspan=\"2\">Military use includes use by defence
contractors.</td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td>You can get a fresh copy of this
page from:</td>\n"
 + "<td colspan=\"2\">or possibly from
your local <a class=\"plain\" href=\"jdrive.html\">\n"
 + "J: drive</a> (Java virtual
drive/Mindprod website\n"
 + "mirror)</td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "<tr>\n"
 + "<td><a class=\"plain\"
href=\"http://mindprod.com/jgloss/string.html\">http://mindprod.com/jgloss/string.html</a></td>\n"
 + "<td colspan=\"2\"><a class=\"plain\"
href=\"file://localhost/J:/mindprod/jgloss/string.html\">J:\\mindprod\\jgloss\\string.html</a></td>\n"
 + "</tr>\n"
 + "</tbody>\n"
 + "</table>\n"
 + "</body>\n"
 + "</html>\n"
 + "\n";
 }

--

Roedy Green Canadian Mind Products
The Java Glossary
http://mindprod.com