Re: Templated Casting operators

From:
Narinder <narinder.claire@gmail.com>
Newsgroups:
comp.lang.c++
Date:
Sun, 10 Jul 2011 05:55:37 -0700 (PDT)
Message-ID:
<5ce25d38-c7ca-4d4f-9d25-47fc9d6a1ab0@b2g2000vbo.googlegroups.com>
On Jul 10, 12:43 pm, Kai-Uwe Bux <jkherci...@gmx.net> wrote:

Narinder wrote:

On Jul 10, 5:39 am, Narinder <narinder.cla...@gmail.com> wrote:

On Jul 10, 12:15 am, Kai-Uwe Bux <jkherci...@gmx.net> wrote:

Narinder wrote:

On Jul 9, 12:34 pm, Kai-Uwe Bux <jkherci...@gmx.net> wrote:

Narinder wrote:

On Jul 8, 11:06 pm, Kai-Uwe Bux <jkherci...@gmx.net> wrote:
At the moment, I don't see why.


That is indeed curious.
However on my issue, I think I am expecting something from C++ =

...

when I obviously should know better, "C++ (101): C++ doesn't
dispatch on the return type".


That, I think, is not the entire picture. There is clause [14.8.2=

..3]

that deals with deducing template arguments for templated convers=

ion

operators. Here, the result type desired by the conversion is tak=

en

into account. Howerver, reading that clause, I find it hard to te=

ll

whether the deduction should fail because of ambiguity, whether t=

he

const version should be instantiated, or whether the non-const
version should be chosen.

My question stems from wanting to pass parameters to a function
via an intermediary which holds references to the values to be
passed. And this would be done at runtime.

Given :

void f( double x);

I want to be able to do:

const double x=3.142;
intermediary v = x; // so v will hold a
std::tr1::reference_wrapper<const double>
f(v); // I suspect gcc will complai=

n because v is

unable to give up its const ref
// but as we have seen gcc calls operator
double&()


Hm, the following compiles:

#include <iostream>

void foo ( double arg ) {
std::cout << arg << "\n";

}

template < typename T >
class reference_wrapper {

T* the_ptr;

public:

typedef T type;
typedef T& reference;

reference_wrapper ( reference t_ref )
: the_ptr ( &t_ref )
{}

operator reference ( void ) {
return ( *the_ptr );
}

reference get ( void ) {
return ( *the_ptr );
}

};

int main ( void ) {
double const pi = 3.14159;
reference_wrapper< double const > x = pi;
foo( x );

}

My way around this will be to have the user provide a precise
boost typelist embodying the function signature:

boost::mpl::vector<double>

and use this to dispatch correctly.


Huh?

Best,

Kai-Uwe Bux


Consider the following functions:

f_ref(double&) // may be a member funct=

ion that keeps

the rw ref
f_const_ref(const double&) // maybe a memeber function that kee=

ps

the ro ref
f_val(double) // expects the value byv=

al

you have one 'variant'

variant v = 3.142;

double x=3.142;
variant v2 = x;

const double xx=3.142
variant v3 = 3.142

I want to deliver (since it doesn't have to be done by casting) v2=

 to

f_ref, but not v & v3
I want to deliver v2 & v3 to f_const_ref but not v
and i want to be able to deliver all of them to f_val

Moreover my variants will be initialised at runtime.

I have sketched (but compiles and executes ) what I think is a
solution.
(I have used boost::mpl::vector to be able to generalise to more t=

han

one parameter)

-------------------------------
#include<iostream>
#include<boost/ref.hpp>
#include<boost/variant.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/at.hpp>

using namespace std;

double pi = 3.142;
typedef boost::reference_wrapper<double> ref;
typedef boost::reference_wrapper<const double> const_ref;

struct klass
{
klass(double & x):innerVariant(boost::ref(x)){}
klass(const double & x):innerVariant(boost::cref(x)){}

template<class T>
operator T& ()
{
cout << " ... casting to double& ";
return boost::get<ref>(innerVariant);
}

template<class T>
operator const T&()
{
cout << " ... casting to const double& ";
if(boost::get<ref>(&innerVariant))
{
return boost::get<ref>(innerVariant);
}
return boost::get<const_ref>(innerVariant);

}

const double &get_by_val()
{
return (const double&)(*this);
}

private:
boost::variant<ref,const_ref > innerVariant;
};

template<class T,class U>
struct innerCast
{
static const T & get(U &k)
{
return k.get_by_val();
}
};

template<class T,class U>
struct innerCast<T&,U>
{
static T & get(U &k)
{
return k;
}
};

template<class T,class U>
struct innerCast<const T&,U>
{
static const T & get(U &k)
{
return k;
}
};

template<class T>
struct cast
{
typedef typename boost::mpl::at_c<typename T::param_type,0>::type
ret_type;

static ret_type get(klass &k)
{
return innerCast<ret_type,klass>::get(k);
}

};

/////////////////////////////////////////
// Below is what would be the user code
/////////////////////////////////////////

struct f
{
typedef boost::mpl::vector<double&>::type param_type;
static void call(double &x)
{
cout << " double &x\n";
}
};

struct fc
{
typedef boost::mpl::vector<const double&> param_type;
static void call(const double &x)
{
cout << " const double &x\n";
}
};

struct ft
{
typedef boost::mpl::vector<double> param_type;
static void call(double x)
{
cout << " double\n";
}

};

int main()
{

try
{

double x(3.142);

klass k_non_const(x);
klass k_const(3.142);

f::call( cast<f>::get(k_non_const) );
fc::call( cast<fc>::get(k_non_const));
ft::call( cast<ft>::get(k_non_const));

fc::call( cast<fc>::get(k_const));
ft::call( cast<ft>::get(k_const)); // this one *NO LONGER*
throws with gcc
}
catch(const std::exception &err)
{
cout << err.what() << "\n";
}

}

---------------------------------------------

Maybe some of the class names have alot of scope to be more
meaningful :-)


Here is an alternative idea (hopefully, I understood your aim):

#include <iostream>

struct oops {};

template < typename T >
class const_reference {

T const * ptr;

public:

const_reference ( T const & r )
: ptr ( &r )
{}

T const & get ( void ) {
return ( *ptr );
}

operator T const & ( void ) {
return ( *ptr );
}

};

template < typename T >
class reference {

T * ptr;

public:

reference ( T & r )
: ptr ( &r )
{}

T & get ( void ) {
return ( *ptr );
}

operator T & ( void ) {
return ( *ptr );
}

};

template < typename T >
class wrapper {
private:

T * the_ptr;
T const * the_c_ptr;

public:

wrapper ( T & ref )
: the_ptr ( &ref )
, the_c_ptr ()
{}

wrapper ( T const & cref )
: the_ptr ()
, the_c_ptr ( &cref )
{}

operator reference<T> ( void ) {
std::cout << "non-const\n";
if ( the_ptr ) {
return ( *the_ptr );
}
throw ( oops() );
}

operator const_reference<T> ( void ) {
std::cout << "const\n";
if ( the_ptr ) {
return ( *the_ptr );
}
return ( *the_c_ptr );
}

operator T ( void ) {
if ( the_ptr ) {
return ( *the_ptr );
}
return ( *the_c_ptr );
}

};

double const pi = 3.14159;
double e = 2.71828;

typedef wrapper< double > klass;

void foo_ref ( reference<double> ) {
std::cout << "reference\n";

}

void foo_cref ( const_reference<double> ) {
std::cout << "const reference\n";

}

void foo_val ( double ) {
std::cout << "value\n";

}

int main ( void ) {
klass rw ( e );
klass ro ( pi );
foo_val( rw );
foo_cref( rw );
foo_ref( rw );
foo_val( ro );
foo_cref( ro );
foo_ref( ro );

}

Best,

Kai-Uwe Bux


In my case the functions foo_ref, foo_cref, foo_val will be given (by
the client) and may ( and most probably will) be compiled without a=

ny

knowledge of the types reference and const_reference. So I would need
it to work with :

--------------------------
void foo_ref ( double & ) {
std::cout << "reference\n";

}

void foo_cref ( const double & ) {
std::cout << "const reference\n";

}

void foo_val ( double ) {
std::cout << "value\n";}

--------------------------

(In fact to be even more precise, in my real scenario they will be
class constructors.)
When I compile your code with above modifications I get the
compilation error:

-------------------------------------------------
main/main.cpp: In function 'int main()':
main/main.cpp:93:15: error: invalid initialization of reference of
type 'double&
' from expression of type 'klass'
main/main.cpp:72:6: error: in passing argument 1 of 'void
foo_ref(double&)'
main/main.cpp:96:15: error: invalid initialization of reference of
type 'double&
' from expression of type 'klass'
main/main.cpp:72:6: error: in passing argument 1 of 'void
foo_ref(double&)'
------------------------------------------------

Best
N


..also if I make the following amendments :

------------------------------------

....
struct someClass
{
someClass(const double &x_):x(x_){}
void show()const{std::cout << "x=" <<x <<"\n";}
const double &x;
};

int main ( void ) {

  double const pi = 3.14159;
  double e = 2.71828;

  klass rw ( e );
  klass ro ( pi );
  foo_val( rw );
  foo_cref( rw );
 // foo_ref( rw );
  foo_val( ro );
  foo_cref( ro );
 // foo_ref( ro );

  someClass s(rw);
  s.show();
  e=0.0;
  s.show();
}

-------------------------

It doesn't work as expected, specifically the last s.show() display 0.


Hm, what about:

#include <iostream>

struct oops {};

template < typename T >
class const_reference {

  T const * ptr;

public:

  const_reference ( T const & r )
    : ptr ( &r )
  {}

  T const & get ( void ) {
    return ( *ptr );
  }

  operator T const & ( void ) {
    return ( *ptr );
  }

};

template < typename T >
class reference {

  T * ptr;

public:

  reference ( T & r )
    : ptr ( &r )
  {}

  T & get ( void ) {
    return ( *ptr );
  }

  operator T & ( void ) {
    return ( *ptr );
  }

};

template < typename T >
class wrapper {
private:

  T * the_ptr;
  T const * the_c_ptr;

public:

  wrapper ( T & ref )
    : the_ptr ( &ref )
    , the_c_ptr ()
  {}

  wrapper ( T const & cref )
    : the_ptr ()
    , the_c_ptr ( &cref )
  {}

  operator reference<T> ( void ) {
    std::cout << "convert to non-const reference\n";
    if ( the_ptr ) {
      return ( *the_ptr );
    }
    throw ( oops() );
  }

  operator const_reference<T> ( void ) {
    std::cout << "convert to const reference\n";
    if ( the_ptr ) {
      return ( *the_ptr );
    }
    return ( *the_c_ptr );
  }

  operator T ( void ) {
    std::cout << "convert to value\n";
    if ( the_ptr ) {
      return ( *the_ptr );
    }
    return ( *the_c_ptr );
  }

};

template < typename T >
T & convert_to_ref ( reference<T> r ) {
  return ( r );

}

template < typename T >
T const & convert_to_cref ( const_reference<T> r ) {
  return ( r );

}

template < typename T >
struct call_helper_ref {

  void (&f) ( T & );

  call_helper_ref ( void (&fct) ( T & ) )
    : f ( fct )
  {}

  void operator() ( reference<T> arg ) const {
    f( arg );
  }

};

template < typename T >
struct call_helper_cref {

  void (&f) ( T const & );

  call_helper_cref ( void (&fct) ( T const & ) )
    : f ( fct )
  {}

  void operator() ( const_reference<T> arg ) const {
    f( arg );
  }

};

template < typename T >
struct call_helper_value {

  void (&f) ( T );

  call_helper_value ( void (&fct) ( T ) )
    : f ( fct )
  {}

  void operator() ( T arg ) const {
    f( arg );
  }

};

template < typename T >
call_helper_ref< T > call ( void (&f) ( T & ) ) {
  return ( call_helper_ref<T>(f) );

}

template < typename T >
call_helper_cref< T > call ( void (&f) ( T const & ) ) {
  return ( call_helper_cref<T>(f) );

}

template < typename T >
call_helper_value< T > call ( void (&f) ( T ) ) {
  return ( call_helper_value<T>(f) );

}

template < typename C, typename T >
struct is_constructible {

  struct yes_type { char d; };
  struct no_type { yes_type a; yes_type b; };

  static
  T & ref ( void );

  static
  T const & cref ( void );

  static
  yes_type check ( C );

  static
  no_type check ( ... );

  static
  bool const from_ref =
    sizeof( check( ref() ) ) == sizeof( yes_type );

  static
  bool const from_cref =
    sizeof( check( cref() ) ) == sizeof( yes_type );

};

template < typename C, typename T,
           bool from_non_const = is_constructible<C,T>::fro=

m_ref >

struct construct_helper;

template < typename C, typename T >
struct construct_helper<C,T,true> {
  static
  C eval ( wrapper<T> w ) {
    return ( C( convert_to_ref<T>( w ) ) );
  }

};

template < typename C, typename T >
struct construct_helper<C,T,false> {
  static
  C eval ( wrapper<T> w ) {
    return ( C( convert_to_cref<T>( w ) ) );
  }

};

template < typename C, typename T >
C construct_from_wrapper ( wrapper<T> w ) {
  return ( construct_helper<C,T>::eval( w ) );

}

// client code
// ===========

double const pi = 3.14159;
double e = 2.71828;

typedef wrapper< double > klass;

void foo_ref ( double & ) {
  std::cout << "reference\n";

}

void foo_cref ( double const & ) {
  std::cout << "const reference\n";

}

void foo_val ( double ) {
  std::cout << "value\n";

}

struct show {

  double & the_ref;

  show ( double & r )
    : the_ref ( r )
  {}

};

int main ( void ) {
  klass rw ( e );
  klass ro ( pi );
  call(foo_val)( rw );
  call(foo_cref)( rw );
  call(foo_ref)( rw );
  call(foo_val)( ro );
  call(foo_cref)( ro );
  //call(foo_ref)( ro );
  show e_show = construct_from_wrapper<show>( rw );
  std::cout << e_show.the_ref << "\n";
  e = 2;
  std::cout << e_show.the_ref << "\n";
  e_show.the_ref = 1;
  std::cout << e << "\n";

}

This does a gratuitous copy-construction. Maybe in C++0X, one can use mov=

e

or something.

Best,

Kai-Uwe Bux


Hi,

You're probably going to think I keep changing the goals posts :-)
I assure you I am not.

The best way to illustrate my objective is to paste a degenerate
working demonstration of a my solution. It's degenerate in that it
still doesn't deal with a variable number of parameters. There are 3
source files. factory.h, main.cpp & pvariant.h . I do now have a
complete solution to my original objective and am more than happy to
forward that to you.
I will now copy and paste the code from you last post and play with
it.

Best Regards
Narinder

factory.h
------------------------------------
#include<typeinfo>
#include<vector>

#include"pvariant.h"

using namespace std;

// Our types

struct abstract
{
    virtual double foo()const=0;
    virtual ~abstract(){}
};
struct concrete: public abstract
{
    virtual double foo()const
    {
        cout << "I am concrete1\n\n";
        return 1.0;
    };
};

struct concrete2 : public abstract
{
    concrete2(){}
    operator double(){return 1.0;}

    virtual double foo()const
    {
        cout << "I am concrete2\n\n";
        return 2.0;
    };
};

// Our Types to be created by the factory

struct klass1
{
    typedef boost::mpl::vector<double&,std::string&> signature;
    klass1(double&x,std::string &s)
    {
        cout << "Constructed klass1\n";
        s = "klass1 killed me ! \n";
    }
    void identify()const
    {
        cout << "I am klass1\n\n";
    }
};

struct klass2
{
    typedef boost::mpl::vector<const std::string&,abstract&>
signature;
    klass2(const std::string &s,abstract& abs):theInterface(abs)
    {
        cout << "Constructed klass2\n";
    }
    void identify()const
    {
        cout << "I am klass2\n";
        cout << "Calling foo in abstract ...";
        theInterface.foo();
    }

    abstract &theInterface;
};
-------------------------------------------

************************************

main.cpp
------------------------------------------

#include<vector>
#include<iostream>
#include<string>

#include"factory.h"

typedef boost::mpl::vector<
                            double,
                            bool,
                            std::string,
                            char,
                            std::vector<double>,
                            abstract
                          >::type variant_type_list;
typedef papa::Variant<variant_type_list> variant ;

template<class T>
T * create(variant p0,variant p1)
{
    typedef typename boost::mpl::at_c<typename T::signature::type,
0>::type type_0;
    typedef typename boost::mpl::at_c<typename T::signature::type,
1>::type type_1;

    return new T(p0.get<type_0>(),p1.get<type_1>());
}

int main()
{
    try
    {
        std::string s("Hello");
        double pi = 3.142;
        klass1 * ptr1 = create<klass1>(pi,s );

        ptr1->identify();
        cout << "s is now : " << s << "\n";

        concrete2 c2;

        klass2 * ptr2 = create<klass2>(s,c2 );
        ptr2->identify();

        concrete c1;

        klass2 * ptr2b = create<klass2>(s,c1 );
        ptr2b->identify();

    }
    catch(const char *err)
    {
        cout << err << "\n";
    }
    catch(const std::exception &err)
    {
        cout << "Exception : "<< err.what() << endl;
    }

    char ch;
    cin >> ch;
    return 0;

}

------------------------------------------------------

************************************

pvariant.h
----------------------------------------------------

#ifndef PVARIANT_H_GUARD
#define PVARIANT_H_GUARD

//#define BOOST_MPL_CFG_NO_PREPROCESSED_HEADERS
//#define BOOST_MPL_LIMIT_VECTOR_SIZE 20

// STD INCLUDES

// TR1 INCLUDES
#include<boost/tr1/type_traits.hpp>

#ifdef _MSC_VER
    #include<boost/ref.hpp>
#else
    #include<boost/tr1/functional.hpp>
#endif

// BOOST INCLUDES
#include<boost/variant.hpp>
    // mpl
#include<boost/mpl/transform.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/vector.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/size.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/filter_view.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/contains.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/transform_view.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/insert_range.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/assert.hpp>
#include<boost/mpl/at.hpp>

namespace papa
{

#ifdef _MSC_VER
        namespace ref_wrapper_ns = boost;
#else
        namespace ref_wrapper_ns = std::tr1;
#endif

        template<class T>
        ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<T> ref( T&t)
        {
            return ref_wrapper_ns::ref(t);
        }

        template<class T>
        ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<const T> cref( const T&t)
        {
            return ref_wrapper_ns::cref(t);
        }
    namespace private_impl
    {

        template<class T>
        struct add_ref_wrapper
        {
            typedef papa::ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<T> type;
        };

        template<class T>
        struct add_const_ref_wrapper
        {
            typedef papa::ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<const T>
type;
        };

        template<int i>
        struct is_1
        {
            static const bool value = false;
        };

        template<>
        struct is_1<1>
        {
            static const bool value = true;
        };

        template<class seq1,class seq2>
        struct concat
        {
            typedef typename boost::mpl::vector0<>::type
empty_vector_type;
            typedef typename
boost::mpl::insert_range<empty_vector_type, typename
boost::mpl::end<empty_vector_type>::type, seq1>::type asvector;
            typedef typename boost::mpl::insert_range<asvector,
typename boost::mpl::end<asvector>::type, seq2 >::type type;

        };
    }

template<class raw_variant_type_list>
class Variant
{

    // The reason we are embedding two variants (const and non_const)
inside
    // innerVariant instead of all the actual types themselves is to
overcome
    // the default size limit of boost::mpl::vector

    struct empty_type
    {
        empty_type(){}
    };

    typedef typename
boost::mpl::transform<raw_variant_type_list,typename
std::tr1::remove_cv<boost::mpl::_1>::type >::type
naked_variant_type_list;
    typedef typename boost::mpl::transform<naked_variant_type_list,
private_impl::add_ref_wrapper<boost::mpl::_1> >::type
ref_variant_type_list;
    typedef typename boost::mpl::transform<naked_variant_type_list,
private_impl::add_const_ref_wrapper<boost::mpl::_1> >::type
const_ref_variant_type_list;

    typedef typename
boost::make_variant_over<ref_variant_type_list>::type ref_variant;
    typedef typename
boost::make_variant_over<const_ref_variant_type_list>::type
const_ref_variant;

    typedef typename
boost::mpl::vector<ref_variant,const_ref_variant>::type
variant_type_list ;
    typedef typename
private_impl::concat<boost::mpl::vector<empty_type> ,variant_type_list>::ty=
pe
variant_list_with_empty;
    typedef typename
boost::make_variant_over<variant_list_with_empty>::type variant;

    template<class T>
    struct is_recognised_type
    {
        static const bool value =
boost::mpl::contains<naked_variant_type_list,T>::value ||
 
boost::mpl::contains<ref_variant_type_list,T>::value ||
 
boost::mpl::contains<const_ref_variant_type_list,T>::value ;
    };

public:

    Variant(){}

    // RECOGNISED ONES

    template<class T>
    Variant(const T&t, const typename boost::enable_if_c<
 
boost::mpl::contains<naked_variant_type_list,T>::value,T>::type * ptr
=0)
               :innerVariant(const_ref_variant(papa::cref<T>(t))){}

    template<class T>
    Variant(T&t, const typename boost::enable_if_c<
 
boost::mpl::contains<naked_variant_type_list,T>::value,T>::type * ptr
=0)
               :innerVariant(ref_variant(papa::ref<T>(t))){}

    template<class T>
    Variant(const T&t, const typename boost::enable_if_c<
 
boost::mpl::contains<ref_variant_type_list,T>::value,T>::type * ptr
=0)
               :innerVariant(ref_variant(t)){}

    template<class T>
    Variant(const T&t, const typename boost::enable_if_c<
 
boost::mpl::contains<const_ref_variant_type_list,T>::value,T>::type *
ptr =0)
               :innerVariant(const_ref_variant(t)){}

    // ONES THAT REQUIRE CASTING

    // Conversions to interfaces

    template<class T>
    Variant(const T&t,
            const typename
boost::disable_if_c<is_recognised_type<T>::value,T >::type * ptr =0,
            const typename boost::disable_if_c<
                    boost::mpl::empty<
                       typename boost::mpl::filter_view<
 
naked_variant_type_list,std::tr1::is_base_of<boost::mpl::_,T>
                            >::type>::value>::type * pt =0)
    {
        typedef typename
boost::mpl::filter_view<naked_variant_type_list,std::tr1::is_base_of<boost:=
:mpl::_,T>

::type possibilities;


 
BOOST_MPL_ASSERT_MSG(private_impl::is_1<boost::mpl::size<possibilities>::va=
lue

::value, CONSTRUCTOR_OVERLOAD_RESOLUTION_WAS_AMBIGUOUS, (T,

possibilities ) );

        innerVariant = const_ref_variant(papa::cref<typename
boost::mpl::at_c<possibilities,0>::type>(t));
    }

    template<class T>
    Variant(T&t,
            const typename
boost::disable_if_c<is_recognised_type<T>::value,T >::type * ptr =0,
            const typename boost::disable_if_c<
                    boost::mpl::empty<
                       typename boost::mpl::filter_view<
 
naked_variant_type_list,std::tr1::is_base_of<boost::mpl::_,T>
                            >::type>::value>::type * pt =0)
    {
        typedef typename
boost::mpl::filter_view<naked_variant_type_list,std::tr1::is_base_of<boost:=
:mpl::_,T>

::type possibilities;


 
BOOST_MPL_ASSERT_MSG(private_impl::is_1<boost::mpl::size<possibilities>::va=
lue

::value, CONSTRUCTOR_OVERLOAD_RESOLUTION_WAS_AMBIGUOUS, (T,

possibilities ) );

        innerVariant = ref_variant(papa::ref<typename
boost::mpl::at_c<possibilities,0>::type>(t));
    }

    // Conversions when we can
    template<class T>
    Variant(const T&t,
            const typename
boost::disable_if_c<is_recognised_type<T>::value,T >::type * ptr =0,
            const typename boost::disable_if_c<
                    boost::mpl::empty<
                       typename boost::mpl::filter_view<
 
naked_variant_type_list,boost::is_convertible<T,boost::mpl::_>
                            >::type>::value>::type * pt =0,
            const typename boost::enable_if_c<
                    boost::mpl::empty<
                       typename boost::mpl::filter_view<
 
naked_variant_type_list,std::tr1::is_base_of<boost::mpl::_,T>
                            >::type>::value>::type * pt2 =0)
    {
        typedef typename
boost::mpl::filter_view<raw_variant_type_list,boost::is_convertible<T,boost=
::mpl::_>

::type possibilities;


 
BOOST_MPL_ASSERT_MSG(private_impl::is_1<boost::mpl::size<possibilities>::va=
lue

::value, CONSTRUCTOR_OVERLOAD_RESOLUTION_WAS_AMBIGUOUS, (T,

possibilities ) );

        innerVariant = const_ref_variant(papa::cref<typename
boost::mpl::at_c<possibilities,0>::type>(t));
    }

    ///// Ok the what we're really here for

    template<class T>
    T get()
    {
        return innerCast<T>::get(*this);
    }

private:

    template<class T>
    const T& get_by_val()
    {
        // The (const T& in the following is
        // necessary for VS 7.1
        return get_const_ref<T>();
    }

    template<class T>
    struct innerCast
    {
        static const T & get(Variant &v)
        {
            return v.template get_by_val<T>();
        }
    };

    template<class T>
    struct innerCast<T&>
    {
        static T & get(Variant &v)
        {
            return v.template get_non_const_ref<T>();
        }
    };

    template<class T>
    struct innerCast<const T&>
    {
        static const T & get(Variant &v)
        {
            return v.template get_const_ref<T>();
        }
    };

    template<class T>
    T& get_non_const_ref()
    {
        typedef papa::ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<T> ref_T;

        ref_variant
*theVariant(boost::get<ref_variant>(&innerVariant));
        if(theVariant)
        {
            ref_T * theRef(boost::get<ref_T>(theVariant));
            if(theRef)
            {
                return *theRef;

            }
            throw ("Wrong Type");
        }
        throw ("Cant cast to const");
    }

    template<class T>
    const T& get_const_ref()
    {
        typedef ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<T> ref_T;
        typedef ref_wrapper_ns::reference_wrapper<const T>
const_ref_T;

        ref_variant
*theNonConstVariant(boost::get<ref_variant>(&innerVariant));
        if(theNonConstVariant)
        {
            return get_non_const_ref<T>();
        }

        const_ref_variant
*theVariant(boost::get<const_ref_variant>(&innerVariant));
        if(theVariant)
        {
            const_ref_T * theRef(boost::get<const_ref_T>(theVariant));
            if(theRef)
            {
                return *theRef;
            }
            throw ("Wrong Type");
        }
        throw ("Cant cast to const");
    }

    variant innerVariant;

};

}

#endif // PVARIANT_H_GUARD

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